Estados hipertensivos del embarazo y complicaciones materno-perinatales en el Hospital Regional De Ciudad del Este

Introducción: Los estados hipertensivos del embarazo son un conjunto de patologías que puede producir muerte o discapacidad crónica en las madres, en los fetos y recién nacidos. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de los estados hipertensivos del embarazo y las complicaciones materno-perinatales en el Hospital Regional de Ciudad del Este. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo con muestreo no probabilístico. Se estudiaron a todas las mujeres embarazadas con estados hipertensivos del embarazo o asociado al mismo que tuvieron eventos obstétricos en el Hospital Regional de Ciudad del Este en los años 2018 al 2020. Los datos fueron analizados en el Software Stata 12.0. Resultados: Se estudiaron a 7056 pacientes. Se encontraron 11,9% participantes con estados hipertensivos del embarazo, 55,3% con mayor frecuencia entre los 20 a 35 años, el 71,3% tuvieron control prenatal de mala calidad, se encontraron el 42,8% con preeclampsia. El 65,2% terminaron por cesárea, 27,8% Síndrome de HELLP, el 1,4% presentaron requerimiento de terapia intensiva y 0,6% muerte materna. Con respecto a las complicaciones perinatales se encontraron bajo peso al nacer en 30,2% y muerte del 2%. Conclusión: Se registró alta frecuencia de estados hipertensivos del embarazo con alto porcentaje de complicaciones, mala calidad de control prenatal. Entre las complicaciones perinatales más frecuentes fueron el bajo peso al nacer y la más grave es la muerte.

Introduction: Hypertensive states of pregnancy are a set of pathologies that can cause death or chronic disability in mothers, fetuses and newborns. Objective: To determine the frequency of hypertensive states of pregnancy and maternal-perinatal complications at the Regional Hospital of Ciudad del Este. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study with non-probability sampling. All pregnant women with hypertensive states of pregnancy or associated with pregnancy who had obstetric events at the Regional Hospital of Ciudad del Este in the years 2018 to 2020 were studied. The data were analyzed in Stata 12.0 software. Results: A total of 7056 patients were studied. 11.9% of participants had hypertensive states of pregnancy, and among them, 55.3% were found to be more frequent from 20 to 35 years of age, 71.3% had poor prenatal care, and 42.8% had preeclampsia. 65.2% of the participants ended up with cesarean delivery, 27.8% had HELLP syndrome, 1.4% required intensive care and 0.6% ended in maternal death. Regarding perinatal complications, low birth weight was found in 30.2%, and death at birth in 2%. Conclusion: A high frequency of hypertensive states of pregnancy with a high percentage of complications and poor quality of prenatal control was registered. One of the most common perinatal complications were low birth weight, and the most serious was death.

Pregnancy with hypothyroidism and its adverse pregnancy outcomes

Background: Thyroid disorders are among the common endocrine disorders in pregnant woman after diabetes mellitus. Pregnancy is a stress test of maternal thyroid function. Several changes are observed in maternal thyroid function during pregnancy and failure to adapt to these physiological changes results in thyroid dysfunction. Subclinical hypothyroidism occurs in 10% of all pregnancies. Hypothyroidism has adverse effects on mother and fetus like anemia, pre eclampsia, preterm delivery, low birth weight and mental retardation of neonate. Decreased availability of thyroid hormones also impair neurological and intellectual development of the fetus. The relevance of this study is to document the association of hypothyroidism and its adverse effects on mother and fetus. Materials and methods: This prospective observational study was carried out during the period January 2020 to December 2020 (12 months) at Government General Hospital (GGH), Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India. Subjects of this study were 170 antenatal women in third trimester with singleton pregnancy admitted in the obstetric ward, and informed consent was obtained. Women were chosen irrespective of age, parity, residence and socioeconomic status. Women with multiple pregnancy, a known case of thyroid disorder, or any pre-existing medical disorder were excluded. Routine hematological parameters and estimation of T3, T4 and TSH was conducted. Results: In this study out of 170 cases, anemia was seen in-15.29%, pre eclampsia in-11.77%, GDM in-4.11%, Oligohydramnios with IUGR in-5.88%, preterm labor in-3.53%, LSCS in-35.29% and IUFD in-0.59% of case and low birth weight (8.24%), Hyperbilirubinemia (3.53%) and NICU admissions (11.76%). Conclusion: This Study concluded that hypothyroidism in pregnancy leads to preeclampsia, preterm labour, increases caesarean delivery, low birth weight and hyperbilirubinemia in neonates. Henceeffective treatment of hypothyroidism ensures safe pregnancy with minimal maternal and foetal complications.

A retrospective identification of risk factors associated with fetal macrosomia

Despite extensive work on macrosomia, it is impossible to predict women at risk. Current prediction strategies which include clinical examination and ultrasound are imprecise. This study aims to determine the risk factors associated with macrosomia. It was a descriptive, retrospective chart review of women delivered of macrosomic neonates over a two-year period from 2015-2016. Detailed clinical and demographic information was recorded. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS (version 25.0 IBM, Armonk, New York, USA). Of 22 244 singleton deliveries, 415 were macrosomic infants (1.9%). The mean birth weight for macrosomic infants was 4.39 ± 0.43 (range 4-5.15) kg and males were more in number and weight. Macrosomic infants occurred more in age groups 25-29 years and peaked with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 . Majority were cesarean sections compared to vaginal deliveries (56.6% vs 43.4%; p=0.006) respectively. Vaginal delivery of macrosomic infants was associated with complications. Significant differences were found between fetal macrosomia and clinical characteristics such as body mass index, parity, advanced maternal age, and male fetal sex. Hypoglycaemia was most frequent in infants born to non-diabetic mothers (98.1%). Antenatal risk factors are important in the prediction of macrosomia, but fetal and maternal outcome depends on labour management. (Afr J Reprod Health 2022; 26[7]: 127-134).

Perinatal Outcomes of Newborns by Women Presenting with Maternal Complications in Pregnancy at a County Referral Hospital in Lower Eastern Kenya

BACKGROUND Maternal complications during pregnancy and labor have been the leading cause of maternal and neonatal death globally. The aim of the study was to observe and compare the differences in the perinatal outcomes of newborns born to women with maternal complications to those born to women without complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a prospective hospital-based paired cohort study. A total of 510 pregnant women were followed up and their newborns' outcomes recorded. 102 had complications and 408 did not have complications. RESULTS Thirteen percent (n=17) of women with complications and 9% (n=34) of women without complications were aged between 13 to 19 years. Forty five percent n=45 of the respondents were followed for maternal care related to fetus and amniotic cavity and possible delivery-related complications. CONCLUSION Teenagers and women aged above 34 years in pregnancy were at a higher risk of presenting with maternal complications. Women referred from hard to reach constituencies of the county were more likely to present with complications in pregnancy. Maternal care related to amniotic fluid cavity complications was the leading maternal complications in pregnancy followed by edema with proteinuria complications. RECOMMENDATIONS Governments and non-governmental organizations should put more emphasis on youth friendly services to reduce maternal complications associated with teenage pregnancy. There should also be more investment on infrastructure to make referral systems easy and avoid the second delay among women with maternal complications. African Journal of Health Sciences Volume 34, Issue No.4, July- August 2021 438 Moreover, women presenting with maternal complications in pregnancy at all levels of care should be closely followed up to avert cases of intra-uterine fetal deaths before and during labor.

Caracterización de la enfermedad cardiaca en pacientes embarazadas y desenlaces hospitalarios materno-fetales / Characterisation of heart disease in pregnant patients and mother-newborn hospital outcomes

Resumen Introducción: la enfermedad cardiaca durante el embarazo puede llevar a deterioro clínico e incluso a la muerte de la madre o el feto. En nuestro medio hay pocos datos al respecto. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional, analítico, de cohorte retrospectiva, de gestantes con enfermedad cardiaca, en el que se incluyeron pacientes con cardiopatía congénita o adquirida, o arritmias, que requirieran hospitalización o intervención urgente por manifestación de síntomas. Se excluyeron pacientes con insuficiencias valvulares leves o moderadas, o estenosis leves, y pacientes sin estudio ecocardiográfico o sin información del parto. Se determinaron eventos cardiacos primarios y secundarios, así como eventos obstétricos y neonatales. Resultados: se incluyeron 104 pacientes con igual número de embarazos. La evaluación por Cardiología fue en promedio a las 32 semanas. La fracción de expulsión promedio fue del 61% y el 23,1% tenía dilatación del ventrículo derecho. El 26,9% de las pacientes tenían alguna intervención cardiovascular previa. Las cardiopatías congénitas fueron el diagnóstico más frecuente (51,9%), seguido por enfermedad valvular (25,9%), arritmias (15,4%) y disfunción ventricular izquierda (4,8%). Los eventos cardiacos primarios se presentaron en 13,5% de las pacientes, en tanto que los secundarios en el 14,4%. La cesárea por indicación cardiaca fue sólo en el 21,2%. Los eventos neonatales ocurrieron en el 36,5%; y los eventos obstétricos en el 14,4%. Conclusiones: pese al alto riesgo y las etiologías complejas, las embarazadas con enfermedad cardiaca reciben evaluación tardía por cardiología, lo que puede explicar las altas tasas de eventos cardiacos maternos y neonatales. Se requieren grupos con experiencia para el manejo de estas pacientes.

Abstract Introduction: Heart disease during pregnancy can lead to a clinical deterioration, and even to the death of the mother or the child. There is lack of data as regards this in the scientific literature. Material and methods: A retrospective, observational, and analytical study was conducted on a cohort of pregnant women with heart disease. The study included patients with congenital or acquired heart disease or arrhythmias that required hospital admission or urgent treatment due to onset of symptoms. Patients with mild or moderate valve insufficiency, as well as those with no ultrasound data or information about their delivery, were excluded. Primary and secondary cardiac events, as well as obstetric and neonatal events were recorded. Results: The study included 104 patients with an equal number of pregnancies. The evaluation by Cardiology was at 32 weeks on average. The mean ejection fraction was 61%, and 23.1% had enlargement of the right ventricle. More than one-quarter (26.9%) of the patients had some previous cardiovascular treatment. Congenital heart disease was the most common diagnosis (51.9%), followed by valve disease (25.9%), arrhythmias (15.4%), and left ventricular dysfunction (4.8%). Primary cardiac events were observed in 13.5% of the patients, whilst 14.4% had secondary events. Caesarean section due to a cardiac indication was only performed in 21.2%. Neonatal events were recorded in 36.5%, with obstetric events in 14.4%. Conclusions: Despite the high risk and aetiological complexity, pregnant women with heart disease were assessed at a late stage by cardiology. This may explain the high rates of maternal and neonatal events. Groups with experience are required to manage these patients.

Recurrent pregnancy loss at gynecology and obstetrical hospital in Duhok Province

Background: Recurrent pregnancy loss is physically and emotionally harmful for mothers. This study aimed to find out the prevalence and associated factors of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) in pregnant women in Duhok province.Methods: In this retrospective study, the medical records of the patients who had pregnancy loss and registered in Duhok Maternity Hospital were reviewed for the period of January - December 2019. Accordingly, 300 women aged 18 years and older with pregnancy loss were included in this study.Results: The prevalence of EPL was 16.3%. The study found that patients with RPL were statistically older compared to those patients without RPL, (39.27 vs. 33.24 years; P<0.001), respectively. Besides, the RPL group had a significantly higher percentage of family history of pregnancy loss (12.24% vs. 1.20%; P<0.001). The patients with RPL had significantly higher prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (14.29% vs. 3.59%; P=0.002), cervical incompetence (8.16% vs. 0.80%; P=0.002), structural abnormalities of uterus (14.29% vs. 4.8%; P=0.012), and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (40.82% vs. 11.95%; P<0.001). There was no significant association of RPL with smoking (P=0.261).Conclusions: This study revealed a high prevalence of RPL in patients with pregnancy loss. Also, the study showed that the patients in the RPL group were significantly older and had a higher prevalence of medical illnesses; including chlamydia trachomatis, cervical incompetence, structural anomalies of the uterus, and polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Risk factors for cardiac, obstetric, and neonatal complications in patients with heart disease during pregnancy / Factores de riesgo para complicaciones cardíacas, obstétricas y neonatales en pacientes con enfermedad cardíaca durante el embarazo

Abstract Objective: Heart disease in pregnancy can cause clinical deterioration and maternal-fetal death. It is essential to evaluate risk factors related to complications. Methodology: This was a observational, analytical retrospective cohort study with a non-probabilistic convenience sample of pregnant women with congenital or acquired heart disease, corrected or not, or arrhythmias requiring urgent intervention. Patients with mild or moderate valvular regurgitation, mild valvular stenosis, patients without echocardiography or without delivery information were excluded from the study. The outcome was a composite of cardiac, obstetric, and neonatal events. Univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed with logistic regression model and discriminatory capacity with area under the curve and independent analysis of the modified World Health Organization (mWHO) risk classification (mWHO). Results: A total of 104 patients with an average age of 25 ± 6.5 years presented cardiac events in 13.5%, obstetric in 14.42%, and neonatal in 28.85%. The univariate analysis found an association with New York Heart Association functional status, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, cesarean delivery, gestational age < 27 weeks, hypoxemia, and mWHO risk. In multivariate only cesarean delivery (odds ratio [OR], 2.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-6.86) and gestational age at delivery (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.22-0.67) maintain association with outcomes. The area under the curve for the mWHO risk is 0.75. Conclusions: There is a high rate of adverse events in patients with heart disease during pregnancy. Gestational age and cesarean delivery behaved as predictors of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. The mWHO risk classification had an acceptable prediction of adverse outcomes.

Resumen Objetivo: La enfermedad cardíaca en el embarazo puede ocasionar deterioro clínico y muerte maternofetal. Es indispensable evaluar factores de riesgo relacionados con complicaciones. Método: Estudio observacional y analítico de cohorte retrospectivo con muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de embarazadas con cardiopatía congénita o adquirida, corregida o no, o arritmias que requerían intervención urgente. Se excluyó a pacientes con insuficiencias valvulares leves o moderadas, estenosis valvulares leves, pacientes sin ecocardiografía o sin información del parto. El desenlace fue un compuesto de episodios cardíacos, obstétricos y neonatales. Se realizó análisis univariado y multivariado con modelo de regresión logística y capacidad diferenciadora con área bajo la curva y análisis independiente de la clasificación de riesgo de la OMS modificada (OMSm). Resultados: 104 pacientes con edad promedio de 25 ± 6.5 años presentaron episodios cardíacos en 13.5%, obstétricos en 14.42% y neonatales en 28.85%. El análisis univariado encontró una relación con el estado funcional de la NYHA, trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo, parto por cesárea, edad gestacional < 27 semanas, hipoxemia y riesgo de la OMSm. En el multivariado sólo el parto por cesárea (OR, 2.68; IC 95%, 1.05-6.86) y la edad gestacional al momento del parto (OR, 0.39; IC 95%, 0.22-0.67) mantienen nexo con los desenlaces. El área bajo la curva para el riesgo de la OMSm es de 0.75. Conclusiones: Hay una elevada tasa de efectos adversos en pacientes con enfermedad cardíaca durante el embarazo. La edad gestacional y el parto por cesárea se comportaron como predictores de resultados adversos maternofetales. La clasificación de riesgo de la OMSm tuvo una predicción aceptable de desenlaces adversos.

Study of sociodemographic profile, maternal, fetal outcome in preeclamptic and eclamptic women: a prospective study

Background: Preeclampsia is pregnancy specific disease, lead to maternal, perinatal morbidity and mortality. This study is conducted to identify the socio demographic profile of subjects suffering from preeclampsia and its effect on maternal and fetal health.Methods: This prospective study was conducted at department of obstetrics and gynecology, Kamla Nehru State Hospital, Shimla, in this, 100 preeclamptic women were included. Preeclampsia was diagnosed with blood pressure of ≥140/90 mmHg noted for the first-time during pregnancy, after 20 wks of gestation and proteinuria. Demographic details were collected. Investigations i.e. hemogram, liver and renal function tests, coagulation profile and fundoscopy were done. Maternal and perinatal outcomes were recorded.Results: In this study, majority of the subjects were primigravida 65. In this, 11 subjects had systolic blood pressure of 140-159 mmHg and 89 subjects had systolic blood pressure of > 160 mmHg. 25 subjects had diastolic blood pressure of 90-109 mmHg and 75 subjects had diastolic blood pressure of > 110 mmHg. In this, 82 subjects had warning symptoms, mainly headache 49. 14 subjects showed hypertensive changes in fundus. Unfavorable Bishop Score, observed in 86 subjects and 78 subjects were induced after controlling blood pressure. Majority of subjects had vaginal delivery 73. Majority of the subjects had deranged liver function 61. Maternal morbidity was reported in 54 subjects. Intrauterine death reported in 14 subjects. Birth weight was < 2.5 kg was observed in 70 babies. Out of 74 live births, 53 neonates required admission in NICU and 16 neonates died in NICU.Conclusions: It may be concluded that, maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality can be reduced by early identification of risk factors and timely intervention is the hall mark in preventing the maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.

Review of 113 cases of autoimmune disorders in pregnancy

Background: Autoimmune disorders are chronic multisystem disorders affecting women of their reproductive age. Pregnancy among these women is complicated by the disease itself. Flaring up of disease, uteroplacental insufficiency due to vasculitis and drugs used for treatment are main reason for unfavourable pregnancy outcomes. The objective of this study was to analyze the pregnancy complications and outcome among 113 cases of autoimmune disorders.Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of case records of pregnant women with autoimmune disorders. This study was conducted at PSG IMSR and Hospital, Coimbatore, and Tamil Nadu from July 2012 to June 2018. The case sheets were retrieved from medical record department and the details such as type of disease, maternal age, parity, status of disease at conception, treatment taken during pregnancy, maternal complications and fetal complications were collected and analyzed.Results: During 6-year period there were 113 pregnant women with autoimmune disorders, and they were studied of their previous and present pregnancy outcome. The disease incidence was 7.01% per 1000 deliveries. 40.7% were less than 25 years age group and 71.6% were multigravidae. We had forty-one patients (36%) who were positive for APLA syndrome which were the maximum number of patients with auto immune disorder in pregnancy and 37 patients (32.7) with SLE. We had significant numbers of maternal and fetal complications for common disorders. Most of the rare auto immune disorders were diagnosed before pregnancy and these pregnancies were managed by multi-disciplinary approach, and continued on immunomodulators throughout pregnancy, hence maternal and fetal complications were less for them.Conclusions: Adequate pre-conceptional counseling, vigilant monitoring during pregnancy and post-partum will avoid pregnancy related complications and have favorable outcomes.

Investigative Parameters, Maternal and Neonatal Outcome in Patients with Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Hospital Based Observational Study

Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) occur in women with pre-existing primary or secondary chronic hypertension, and in women who develop new-onset hypertension in the second half of pregnancy. Preeclampsia is one of the maternal diseases that cause complications to mother and fetus both. Methods: An observational cross sectional study was done in ANMMCH, a tertiary care hospital in Gaya, Bihar. All PIH patients were included in the study period of one year. Investigative workup was done after due clinical check up. The maternal outcomes were further divided into normal outcome, Eclampsia and other complications Perinatal outcome measures that was studied include live births, fetal growth restriction (IGUR), still births, neonatal complications and deaths. Results: A total of 75 patients of PIH were selected for the study. Maximum (57.3%) were in age group of 25-35 year. 45.3% were from urban area while 22.7% were working. 60% were primigravida. 50.7% were delivered vaginaly. Most common presenting symptom was labour pain, followed by edema and headache. Most common complication was CNS symptom including seizure (Eclampsia) in 16% patients followed by vaginal bleeding in 9.3%. Other complications were pulmonary edema in 8% and HELLP syndrome in 2.2% patients. 5 patients died. Most common neonatal outcome was low birth weight. Renal failure was present in 6.7% patients Visible jaundice was present in 4% patients. Conclusion: Preeclampsia is associated with multiple maternal and neonatal complications. Early diagnosis and treatment through regular antenatal check-up is a key factor to prevent hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and its complications. So, complete clinical and biochemical workup is necessary for appropriate management of PIH patients.

“Near-Miss obstetric events” and its clinico-social correlates in a secondary referral unit of Burdwan District in West Bengal

Near-miss obstetric events (NMEs) refers to the situations where women experience severe, life-threatening obstetric complications during pregnancy, delivery, or postpregnancy (up to 42 days) which they survive either by chance or because they receive good care at a facility. A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2016 at the subdivisional hospital of West Bengal. The WHO near-miss criteria were followed for case identification. Data were collected by interview and record review. No maternal deaths were reported during data collection period; however, the frequency of NMEs was quite high (38%). Maternal near-miss ratio was 379.51/1000 live births, and maternal mortality index was 0%. Higher age group, below poverty line status, term pregnancy, and higher gravid and higher parity significantly favored the occurrence of NMEs, while ANC registration and Iron and Folic Acid consumption were significantly protective against it. Early identification of risk factors for NMEs and prompt initiation of treatment plays a critical role in the management of NMEs.

Frecuencia de obesidad y su relación con algunas complicaciones maternas y perinatales en una comunidad indígena / Obesity frequency and its relationship with some maternal and perinatal complications in a native community

Antecedentes: La obesidad representa un alto riesgo tanto para la madre en el momento del embarazo, como para su descendencia.Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de obesidad pregestacional, y su relación con algunas complicaciones maternas y perinatales en una comunidad indígena.Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 166 gestantes en la comunidad de la etnia miskita de El Muelle, municipio Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, durante el año 2013. El dato primario se obtuvo de las historias clínicas obstétricas, que se le confeccionó a cada una de ellas para su seguimiento en el puesto de salud.Resultados: 40 de las gestantes (24,1 por ciento), iniciaron el embarazo con obesidad. De ellas, 26 (15,6 por ciento), con obesidad grado I; 10 (6,1 por ciento) con grado II, y 4 (2,4 por ciento) con grado III. En general, el 87,5 por ciento de las embarazadas con obesidad pregestacional presentaron alguna complicación materna o perinatal; mientras en las no obesas se observaron en el 59,5 por ciento (OR: 4,76, IC: 1,74-12,96, p= 0,0011). La obesidad elevó significativamente el riesgo de presentar diabetes mellitus gestacional (OR: 5,03, IC: 2,03-12,4, p= 0,0002), macrosomía (OR: 8,06, IC: 2,56-25,36, p= 0,0001) y cesárea (OR: 5,13, IC: 1,53-17,22, p= 0,0040).Conclusiones: la frecuencia de obesidad en la población obstétrica de la comunidad indígena de El Muelle es elevada e incrementa el riesgo de complicaciones maternas y perinatales como la diabetes mellitus gestacional, la macrosomía y la cesárea(AU)

Background: Obesity represents a high risk both for the mother at the time of pregnancy and for her offspring.Objective: to determine the frequency of pregestational obesity and its association to maternal and perinatal complications in a native community.Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 166 pregnant women from the Miskita ethnic community called El Muelle located in Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua in 2013. The primary data was taken from their obstetric clinical histories that had been prepared for each of them for the follow-up at the health post.Results: forty of the pregnant women (24.1 percent) started their pregnancy as obese persons. Twenty six (15.6 percent) had 1st degree obesity; 10 (6.1 percent) with 2nd degree and four (2.4 percent) had 3rd degree. Generally speaking, 87.5 percent of the pregnant women with pregestational obesity presented with some maternal or perinatal complication whereas this situation was observed in 59.5 percent of non-obese women (OR: 4.76, CI 1.74-12.96, p= 0.0011). Obesity significantly increased the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (OR: 5.03, CI: 2.03-12.4, p= 0.0002), macrosomy (OR: 8.06, CI: 2.56-25.36, p= 0.0001) and cesarean section (OR: 5.13, CI: 1.53-17.22, p= 0.0040).Conclusions: obesity frequency in the obstetric population of El Muelle native community is high and increases the risk of maternal and perinatal complications such as gestational diabetes mellitus, macrosomy and cesarean section delivery(AU)

Complicaciones maternas en adolescentes y adultas afiliadas al régimen subsidiado, 2012 / Maternal complications in adolescents and adults affiliated to the subsidized regime, 2012 / Complicações maternas em adolescentes e adultas inscritas no regime subsidiado de saúde, 2012

La intervención de las complicaciones maternas y la minimización de sus efectos en la salud materno-infantil es prioridad para el cuidado en salud de esta población. La identificación de factores asociados a la complicación materna es de vital importancia para definir políticas y estrategias de intervención de esta problemática. OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores asociados a complicaciones durante el tercer trimestre del embarazo, parto y puerperio de las maternas pertenecientes al régimen subsidiado atendidas en una institución de segundo nivel de complejidad de Medellín. METODOLOGIA: investigación de cohorte ambiespectivo, que tiene como factor de exposición la edad (expuesto: adolescentes entre 14 y 19 años, no expuesto: entre 20 y 34 años de edad) y la complicación materna. Se calcularon frecuencias absolutas y relativas para las variables cualitativas y media, mediana y rango intercuartílico para las variables cuantitativas, se calculó proporción de incidencia de las complicaciones y el riesgo relativo crudo y ajustado por variables de confusión. RESULTADOS : el principal factor de riesgo asociado a complicación materna fue la atención prenatal inadecuada (criterio de Kessner). Se encontró como factor protector la asistencia al curso psicoprofiláctico CONCLUSION: no se encontraron grandes diferencias entre la población adolescente y adulta, pero sí se identificaron aspectos sociales (relaciones familiares), educacionales y de atención en salud que pueden afectar la salud materna de la población del régimen subsidiado atendida por una institución de segundo nivel de complejidad.

The intervention of maternal complications and the minimization of its impact on mother and child health is a priority for this population's health care. Identifying factors associated with maternal complications is critical to devising policies and intervention strategies against this problem. OBJECTIVE: to determine the factors associated with complications during the third trimester of pregnancy, delivery and puerperium of the mothers belonging to the subsidized health regime who receive care in a second level health care providing institution in Medellin. METHODOLOGY: an ambispective study whose exposure factors are age (exposed: adolescents aged 14 to 19, non-exposed:individuals aged 20 to 34) and maternal complications. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated for the qualitative variables. Likewise, the mean, median and interquartile range were calculated for the quantitative variables. Moreover, the ratio of incidence was calculated for the complications along with the crude relative risk and the risk adjusted for confounding variables. RESULTS: the main risk factor associated with maternal complications was inadequate prenatal care (Kessner criterion). In addition, attendance to the psychoprophilactic course was found to be a protecting factor. CONCLUSION:No significant differences were found between adolescents and adults. However, social (family relations), educational and health care aspects were found which may affect the health of the mothers belonging to the subsidized regime who receive health care in a second level institution in Medellin.

A intervenção das complicações maternas e a minimização de seus efeitos na saúde materno-infantil é prioridade para o cuidado em saúde desta população.A identificação de fatores associados à complicação materna é de importância fundamental para definir políticas e estratégias de intervenção desta problemática. OBJETIVO: Determinar os fatores associados com complicações durante o terceiro trimestre da gravidez, parto e puerpério das mães pertencentes ao regime subsidiado de saúde atendidas em uma instituição de segundo nível de complexidade de Medellín. METODOLOGÍA: Progresso na consecução dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio:adolescentes entre 14 e 19 anos, não exposto: entre 20 e 34 anos de idade) e a complicação materna. Foram calculadas frequências absolutas e relativas para as variáveis qualitativas e média, mediana e rango interquartílico para as variáveis quantitativas, foi calculada proporção de incidência das complicações e o risco relativo cru e ajustado por variáveis de confusão. RESULTADOS: O principal fator de risco associado à complicação materna foi a atenção pré-natal inapropriada (critério de Kessner). E encontrou-se como fator protetor a assistência ao curso psico-profilático. CONCLUSÃO: Não foram encontradas diferenças grandes entre a população adolescente e adulta, mas sim foram identificados aspectos sociais (relacionamentos familiares), educacionais e de atendimento em saúde que podem afetar a saúde materna da população com regime subsidiado de saúde atendido por uma instituição de segundo nível de complexidade.

Características materno-fetales de la eclampsia a 2 700 m.s.n.m

Introducción: La eclampsia es una de las complicaciones más severas de la preeclampsia. Objetivos: Identificar las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y complicaciones materno-fetales de pacientes eclámpticas a 2 700 m.s.n.m. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo. Institución: Servicio de GinecoObstetricia del Hospital Regional de Cajamarca, Perú. Participantes: Mujeres con diagnóstico de eclampsia y sus fetos y recién nacidos. Métodos: Estudio de 28 casos con diagnóstico de eclampsia de 3 128 partos atendidos entre el primero de enero de 2012 y el 31 de diciembre de 2012, a 2700 m.s.n.m. Principales medidas de resultados: Características materno-fetales. Resultados: La incidencia de eclampsia fue 0,9%, un caso por cada 113 partos. La edad promedio de la mujer con eclampsia fue 23,3 +- 6,5 años; 46,4% eran primigestas, la procedencia era rural en 71,4%; 46,4% de las mujeres tenía más de 6 controles prenatales; en 53,6% se halló presión arterial > o = 160/110. El cuadro de eclampsia se presentó antes del parto en 78,6% y 71,4% terminó por cesárea. El número de convulsiones fue más de dos en 74,7%. El síntoma más frecuente fue la cefalea en 89,2%. La creatinina estuvo elevada en 35,7%, las transaminasas en 39,2%, hubo anemia en 64,3% y trombocitopenia en 32,1%. Fueron complicaciones maternas el síndrome Hellp en 25% y la muerte materna en 3,4%; en los perinatos, prematuridad en 60,7%, restricción de crecimiento intrauterino en 39,3% y muerte fetal en 13,7%. Conclusiones: La eclampsia a 2 700 msnm se asoció a alta morbimortalidad materna y fetal.

Introduction: Eclampsia is one of the most severe complications of preeclampsia in pregnancy. Objectives: To identify the epidemiological, clinical and maternal fetal complications of women suffering of eclampsia at 2 700 meters above sea level. Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Service of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital Regional de Cajamarca, Peru. Participants: Women with diagnosis of eclampsia and their fetuses and newborns. Methods: Study of 28 cases of women with diagnosis of eclampsia of a total of 3 128 deliveries attended between January 2012 and December 2012, at 2700 meters above sea level. Main outcome measures: Maternal and fetal characteristics. Results: Incidence of eclampsia was 0.9%, one case for each 113 deliveries. Main age of women with eclampsia was 23.3 +- 6.5 years; 46.4% carried their first pregnancy, origin was rural in 71.4%; 46.4% had over 6 prenatal controls; in 53.6% blood pressure was > or = 160/110. Eclampsia occurred before delivery in 78.6%, and 71.4% needed cesarean section. The number of seizures was more than two in 74.7%. Most frequent symptom was headache in 89.2%. Creatinine was high in 35.7%, transaminases were increased in 39.2%, anemia was present in 64.3% and thrombocytopenia in 32.1%. Maternal complications were HELLP syndrome in 25% and maternal death in 3.4%. Perinatal complications were prematurity in 60.7%, intrauterine growth restriction in 39.3% and fetal death in 13.7%. Conclusions: Eclampsia at 2 700 m.a.s.l. was associated to important maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.

Caracterización de los procesos de atención prenatal a las gestantes con morbilidad materna extremadamente grave / Characterization of prenatal care processes applied to pregnant women with extremely severe maternal morbidity

La identificación de la morbilidad materna extrema grave ofrece una oportunidad para la investigación de muertes maternas. El cumplimiento de los procesos de atención y determinación de los posibles riesgos asociados, es indispensable para evitarla. Objetivo: describir los procesos de atención de las gestantes con morbilidad materna extremadamente grave en la atención prenatal en el 2009. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo cuyo universo fueron las 63 gestantes que se diagnosticaron con morbilidad materna extremadamente grave en los servicios de ginecobstetricia de los hospitales generales y maternos de La Habana. La información se obtuvo de los registros hospitalarios y las historias clínicas de las gestantes en la atención prenatal y hospitalaria; esta se recogió a través de un instrumento creado al efecto y se introdujo en una base de datos en Access. Resultados: los principales riesgos identificados fueron la hipertensión arterial, la anemia, la infección vaginal y la pre eclampsia. La consulta de reevaluación realizada por el especialista en ginecobstetricia se reflejó en un 33 por ciento, el promedio de 10 consultas durante el embarazo se constató en el 69,8 por ciento de las gestantes. La complicación por shock hipovolémico ocupó el primer lugar, seguido del shock séptico y la eclampsia. Conclusiones: la identificación de riesgos en la atención prenatal probablemente intervenga en la evolución de la MMEG en la Habana(AU)

Identification of extremely severe maternal morbidity provides an opportunity for research into maternal death. Fulfillment of care processes and determination of potential associated risks are indispensable to prevent extremely severe maternal morbidity. Objective: describe the prenatal care processes applied to pregnant women with extremely severe maternal morbidity in 2009. Method: a descriptive study was conducted with a universe of 63 pregnant women diagnosed with extremely severe maternal morbidity at gynecobstetric services of general and maternal hospitals in Havana. A dedicated tool was used to collect data from prenatal and hospital registries and medical records of the pregnant women. The data were stored in an Access database. Results: the main risks identified were hypertension, anemia, vaginal infection and preeclampsia. Re-evaluation by a gynecobstetrician was conducted in 33 percent of the cases. The average 10 prenatal consultations were performed with 69.8 percent of the pregnant women. Hypovolemic shock ranked first among complications, followed by septic shock and eclampsia. Conclusions: risk identification during prenatal care may play a role in the evolution of extremely severe maternal morbidity in Havana(AU)

Clinical factors affecting the timing of delivery in twin pregnancies

OBJECTIVE: To investigate clinical factors affecting the timing of delivery in twin pregnancies in order to minimize perinatal complications. METHODS: A retrospective study involved 163 twin pregnancies delivered from January 2006 to September 2011 at Gachon University Gil Medical Center. These cases were divided into three groups based on the delivery timing: less than 32 weeks' gestation (group A), between 32 and 35+6 weeks' gestation (group B), and over 36 weeks' gestation (group C). Clinical factors including maternal age, parity, presence of premature uterine contraction, presence of premature rupture of membrane, white blood cell, high sensitive C-reactive protein level, cervical dilatation, maternal complication, chorionicity, twin specific complication, and perinatal complication were analyzed for each group. RESULTS: In group B, the timing of delivery was postponed for 14 days or more from the time of admission, and there were fewer numbers of babies with low Apgar score at birth compared with other groups. The frequency of uterine contraction (P<0.001), presence of premature rupture of membranes (P=0.017), dilatation of cervix (P<0.001), increased white blood cell and high sensitive C-reactive protein levels (P=0.002, P<0.001) were important clinical factors during decision making process of delivery timing in twin pregnancies. Twin specific fetal conditions, such as twin-twin transfusion syndrome and discordant growth (over 25% or more) were shown more frequently in group A. However, there were no significant statistical differences among three groups (P=0.06, P=0.14). CONCLUSION: Proper management for preventing premature contraction and inflammation can be essential in twin pregnancies until 32 weeks' gestation, and may decrease maternal and perinatal complications.

Profile of Maternal and Foetal Complications during Labour and Delivery among Women Giving Birth in Hospitals in Matlab and Chandpur, Bangladesh.

Worldwide, for an estimated 358,000 women, pregnancy and childbirth end in death and mourning, and beyond these maternal deaths, 9-10% of pregnant women or about 14 million women per year suffer from acute maternal complications. This paper documents the types and severity of maternal and foetal complications among women who gave birth in hospitals in Matlab and Chandpur, Bangladesh, during 2007-2008. The Community Health Research Workers (CHRWs) of the icddr,b service area in Matlab prospectively collected data for the study from 4,817 women on their places of delivery and pregnancy outcomes. Of them, 3,010 (62.5%) gave birth in different hospitals in Matlab and/or Chandpur and beyond. Review of hospital-records was attempted for 2,102 women who gave birth only in the Matlab Hospital of icddr,b and in other public and private hospitals in the Matlab and Chandpur area. Among those, 1,927 (91.7%) records were found and reviewed by a physician. By reviewing the hospital-records, 7.3% of the women (n=1,927) who gave birth in the local hospitals were diagnosed with a severe maternal complication, and 16.1% with a less-severe maternal complication. Abortion cases—either spontaneous or induced—were excluded from the analysis. Over 12% of all births were delivered by caesarean section (CS). For a substantial proportion (12.5%) of CS, no clear medical indication was recorded in the hospitalregister. Twelve maternal deaths occurred during the study period; most (83%) of them had been in contact with a hospital before death. Recommendations include standardization of the hospital record-keeping system, proper monitoring of indications of CS, and introduction of maternal death audit for further improvement of the quality of care in public and private hospitals in rural Bangladesh.

Evaluación periódica del riesgo biopsicosocial prenatal en la predicción de las complicaciones maternas y perinatales en Asia 2002-2003 / Periodical assessment of the prenatal biopsychosocial risk to predict obstetric and perinatal complications in Asian countries 2002-2003

Objetivo: Describir el nivel de predicción de las complicaciones obstétricas y perinatales mediante la evaluación periódica del riesgo biopsicosocial prenatal (RBP) durante el control prenatal en mujeres asiáticas. Materiales y métodos: Durante el 2002 se evaluaron en Shanghai, China y Dhaka, Bangalesh 565 primigrávidas sanas con evaluaciones periódicas del RBP (primera: semana 14-27, segunda: semana 28-32, tercera: semana 33-42) con evaluación prospectiva del resultado materno y perinatal. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 25.1±6.4 años en su mayoría de nivel socioeconómico medio, con formación universitaria y residencia urbana. Se observaron 135 (23.9%) complicaciones obstétricas, 57 (10.1%) recién nacidos con bajo peso y 41 (7.3%) muertes perinatales. El alto riesgo biopsicosocial prenatal se asoció con las complicaciones obstétricas (área bajo la curva ROC) 0.80 IC 95% 0.71-0.89 con el parto prematuro (área bajo la curva ROC) 0.79, IC 95% 0.68-0.90) y con el bajo peso al nacer (área bajo la curva ROC) 0.85, IC 95% 0.77-0.93. El período con mayor efectividad predictiva fue el último (33-42 semanas) tanto para las complicaciones obstétricas (sensibilidad: 84.4%, especificidad: 69.3%), como para el parto prematuro (sensibilidad: 79.2%, especificidad: 67.1%) como para el bajo peso al nacer (sensibilidad: 88% especificidad: 77.3%). A pesar de las diferencias basales sociodemográficas, nutricionales, étnicas, culturales y religiosas de los dos países el efecto predictivo del instrumento fue similar. Conclusión: La evaluación del riesgo biopsicosocial prenatal fue clínicamente válida para predecir complicaciones obstétricas, parto prematuro y bajo peso al nacer en los países asiáticos comparable a los resultados en Latino-América.

Objective: To determine the effect of the periodical use of the prenatal biopsychosocial risk assessment (PBR) to predict obstetric and perinatal complications in pregnant women in Asian countries. Materials and methods: In Shanghai, China, and Dhaka, Bangladesh, 565 healthy primigravids were evaluated with PBR at inclusion (14-27 weeks), in a second time (28-32 weeks) and in a third time (33-42 weeks) with assessment of the perinatal outcome. Results: The average age was 25.1±6.4 years old. Most of the women were from middle socioeconomic level, with university academic degree and urban residence. There were 129 (25.6%) obstetric complications, 54 (10.1%) low birth weight babies and 41 (7.3%) perinatal deaths. The ROC analysis showed that the high PBR score was associated with obstetric complications (area under ROC Curves) 0.80 CI 95% 0.71-0.89, preterm birth (area under ROC curves) 0.79, CI 95% 0.68-0.90, low birth weight (area under ROC curves) 0.85, CI 95% 0.77-0.93. The best predictive period was the last (33-42 weeks) to obstetric complications (sensibility: 84.4%, specificity: 69.3%), preterm delivery (sensibility 79.2%, specificity 67.1%) and to low birth weight (sensibility 88%, specificity 77.3%). The baseline sociodemographic and nutritional characteristics and the perinatal outcome were different between the countries, however, the predictive effect of the instrument was similar. Conclusion: The prenatal biopsychosocial risk assessment was clinically valid to predict obstetric complications, preterm birth and low birth weight in two Asian countries when compared to results in Latin-American countries.

Comparative Study of Maternal and Perinatal Complications in Overt and Gestational Diabetes / 대한주산의학회잡지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the maternal and neonatal complications of the overt diabetes with that of gestational diabetes. METHOD : The medical records of 65 pregnant patients complicated by diabetes mellitus at Eulji medical center from January, 2001 to December, 2002 were reviewed retrospectively. Thirteen patients of them were diagnosed as a overt diabetes and the others were diagnosed as a gestational diabetes. RESULTS: Maternal complications were that preeclampsia in 15.4% and preterm labor in 15.4% in overt diabetes patients and preeclampsia in 9.6%, fourth degree laceration in 1.9%, preterm labor in 3.8%, placenta abruption in 1.9%, cardiomyopathy in 1.9% and polyhydroamnios in 1.9% in gestational diabetes patients. Neonatal complications were that hypoglycemia in 38.5% and respiratory distress syndrome in 15.4% in overt diabetes patients and hypoglycemia in 25%, hyperbilirubinemia in 9.6% and shoulder dystocia in 1.9% in gestational diabetes patients. There were no statistic differences in maternal and neonatal complications in two groups when management had done. And in gestational diabetes group, maternal and neonatal complications were significantly higher in no management group than management group regardless of management types. CONCLUSION: If early detection and management were done in overt and gestational diabetes, there were no difference in maternal and neonatal complications. Regardless of types of diabetes, early detection and management were important.

A Clinical Analysis of Intrauterine Fetal Death / 대한주산의학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the causes, methods of delivery, and maternal complications in cases of fetal death in utero(FDIU) at Samsung Medical Center. METHODS: There were 92 cases of FDIU among 25,195 deliveries at Samsung Medical Center during 7 years from 1994 to 2001. In these cases, perinatal autopsy and placental biopsy was performed in 35 and 71 cases, respectively. All the clinical informations were obtained by reviewing medical records retrospectively. RESULTS: The overall incidence of FDIU was 0.37%. Most of FDIU occurred in 25 to 29 years old group(43.5%). Recurrence rate of FDIU was 3.3%. Most of FDIU were low birth weight(79.3%) and preterm(79.6%). The modes of delivery were induced labor(68.5%), laparotomy(18.5%), and the spontaneous delivery(13.0%). The causes of FDIU were chorioamnionitis(15.2%), placental abruption(14.1%), severe preeclampsia(11.9%), congenital and chromosomal anomaly(6.5%), but it was unexplained in 27.2%. There were 25 cases with maternal complications and the most common complications were intra-/postpartum fever(18.5%), postpartum hemorrhage(8.7%) and DIC(8.7%). CONCLUSION: The causes of FDIU could not be determined in only about 1/4 cases at Samsung Medical Center. Since FDIU recurred in 3.3%, thorough studies including perinatal autopsy and chromosomal study must be made on stillborn infants and placenta to determine the recurrent causes.